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[转帖]德中军事交流史

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条顿军团 发表于 2009-2-3 10:55:07 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1876</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,受清朝政府派遣,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">名中国军官来到普鲁士首都柏林留学。他们的课程是军事。他们是德国人有史以来所见到的第一批中国官费留学生。以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">19</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">世纪末期清朝政府操办新军聘请德国顾问为起点,德国在中国的军事影响从未间断,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代末,这种影响达到高峰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">名清军军官赴德留学开始</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">历史资料显示,中国第一批留学德国的官费生是学习军事的。他们是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1876</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年由当时的满清政府派往普鲁士首都柏林的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">名清军军官。这一史实从一个侧面表明,即使是在中德交往史上从未构成重点的军事领域,德国对中国也曾经有过相当的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">19</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">世纪末期清朝政府操办新军聘请德国顾问为起点,德国在中国的军事影响从未间断,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代德国军事顾问团在中国的活动,这种影响达到高峰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">中德军事交往最早可以追溯到晚清时期。中国的大门被西方国家的武力强行打开。清朝统治者从中国屡战屡败的痛苦中得出的教训之一是要“师西夷之船坚炮利”,整备军武,编练新式军队。而德军从一开始就成为编练新军的范本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">中国海军的德国影响</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">无论是袁世凯在天津小站编练北洋军,还是时任两江总督的张之洞在江宁编练江南自强军,一南一北,两支新军都聘请德国军人担任顾问。所有的教范、操典都按照德国军队模式训练。北洋水师的总教习便是德国人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">中国人民解放军海军司令部军事科学研究所上校研究员李亚强说:时称三洋舰队的北洋水师当时有一半的舰只购自德国。“定远”和“镇远”这两艘主力舰就是德国制造的装甲舰。北洋水师从教官、装备、操典、条令一直到战术,都深受德国影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">据新浪网军事版专栏作家李克峰的研究,北洋水师同时拥有英国和德国舰只。比较起来,两者在火力方面旗鼓相当,但德国军舰在装甲防护略胜一筹,反映出两国不同的海战思想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">李克峰说:镇远和定远这两艘军舰是在德国的萨克森级基础上改建的,参考了英国的设计。在海战中可以看到,英国军舰很快就会被打沉,德国的船虽然受伤,但还可以开回去。就是说,两国的造舰思想和海战思想是不一样的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">陆军方面德国对中国的影响更大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">首先在军事理论上,包括战役战术。克劳塞维茨在中国军事界家喻户晓,他的名言,他的“战争论”是中国军队不可或缺的参考书。包括普法战争时期的老毛奇,还有史蒂芬计划,这些对中国军事理论界都有很大影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">其次,在军事装备上,从马克辛重机枪、班用轻机枪、俗称的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">79</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">式步枪、毛瑟手枪,以及多种火炮,都来自德军。毛瑟手枪在中国又被称为驳壳枪,二十响,在抗战时期和解放战争时期甚至成了中国军队中下级指挥员的必备武器,几乎成为中下级军官的象征。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">在编制上,德国军事体制对中国的影响也十分明显。从编练新军开始,引入西方的那些编练体制,很多都是源于德军。因为,教官是德军的,操典也是德军的。再有就是队列训练。一直到现在,中国和德国都有非常多的相似之处。从历史渊源上追溯,这是从编练新军时接受德国影响,沿革下来的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">晚清政府为何对德国军事情有独钟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">那么,普鲁士德国为什么会成为晚清政府在设想建立一支新式军队时倚重的对象?新浪网军事版专栏作家李克峰认为,向西方国家学习军事是从晚清开始的一大传统。德国在西方军队中独树一帜,尤其是它的参谋部体制更为世所称道。编练新军时想到德国也就毫不奇怪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">从另一个角度分析说,向德国学习军事的日本在甲午战争中占尽上风,这是促使清朝统治者将目光投向德国的直接原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">操练新军时为什么要请德国人,最主要的原因是,当时日本的军事体制学的是德国。日本人把中国人给打败了,而且败得那么惨。这给中国人刺激性特别大。日本人个子比中国人小,而且装备也并不比中国军队强多少。中国人总结出的教训之一就是,日本学的是德国,德国的军事战略战术比较好,而且操练比较有效。这是促使中国转向德国,从德国学习军事的主要原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">中国寻求德国的军事技术,应该说,还有着政治和外交上的深一层背景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">世纪初叶,德国在欧洲依然属于遭其它国家猜忌和排斥的国家。因此,德国政府愿意稳定与中国的政治关系,在欧洲以外的大陆寻求合作伙伴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">
                        <p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代初风云变幻中的德中军事关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1905</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年以后,德国政府逐渐以“和平”的文化、经济政策代替了原先至少是在形式上的扩张政策。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1907</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,普鲁士议会甚至提议建立美-德-中三角关系,以便能够补偿德国在欧洲大陆所处的孤立状态。在德国国内的媒体上出现将胶州湾归还中国的言论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">而另一方面,中国许多精英分子也选择德国作为政治维新的借鉴国家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1908</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,清朝政府派遣专员,前往德国考察宪政问题,并翻译普鲁士宪法和其它重要法律文件。同年底,清廷宣布,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">9</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年内完成建立宪政的准备工作。其中,地方一级议会和政府的建立将完全按照德国的理论和实践。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1911</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,中国爆发资产阶级辛亥革命,清朝寿终正寝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1912</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">日,孙中山就任临时大总统,中华民国同时宣布成立。同年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,孙中山特意访问了当时仍属于德国租借地的胶州。他在对中国大学生的演讲中特别称赞了青岛的建设和管理,并提出应将德国作为中国现代化建设的榜样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1913</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,继美国之后,德国在欧洲国家中率先承认了中华民国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1917</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,第一次世界大战战火方殷。这年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,孙中山明确表示中国不会参加协约国,与德国为敌。在一篇长文中,孙中山指出,在军事、教育、科学等领域,中国历来最信赖德国的支持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">第一次世界大战,德国成为战败国,但德国和德国的军事机器对中国的吸引力依然继续保持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1924</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,孙中山邀请德国负责胶州事务的专员威廉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">施拉迈尔前往广州,帮助广东政府制定农业和土地政策。孙中山的亲德态度在后来成为国民党及其军队领导人的蒋介石那里得以继承。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">独一无二的历史篇章:德国的军事顾问们</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">正是德中双方分别出于各自利害关系的这种特殊考虑,构成了两国军事交往的基础,并在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代末至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代末达到高潮,其典型的表现就是德国顾问在中国国内战争中十分活跃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1927</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,两名德国顾问在互不知晓的情况下来到中国广东。其中的一个叫做海因茨</span><font size="2"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">·</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
                                </span></strong></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">诺伊曼,受共产国际派遣,帮助发动无产阶级起义,建立革命政权;另一个叫马克斯</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">鲍惠尔,前普鲁士上校,担任蒋介石的私人顾问,帮助实现其更新中国的建设大纲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">无独有偶。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1934</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,中国内战进入白热化阶段。蒋介石领导的国民党军队对中共领导的中央苏区展开第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">次军事围剿。此时,又有两位德国人分别担任敌对双方的高级顾问。其中一个叫做奥托</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">布朗,中文名李德,又名华夫,受共产国际执行局派遣,帮助红军保卫中央苏区;另一个叫做冯</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">泽克特,德国退役上将,任蒋介石军事顾问团负责人,帮助实施军事围剿。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">
                        <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">也许以上两个史实都只是历史瞬间的某种巧合,然而它依然显示了德国在军事上对中国的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1927</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1938</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年,曾先后有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">名退役或现役军人来华担任军事顾问及军事顾问团团长。他们分别是马克斯</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">鲍惠尔上校,赫尔曼</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">克里贝尔上校,格奥尔格</span><font size="2"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">·</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
                                </span></strong></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">韦泽尔中将,汉斯</span><font size="2"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">·</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
                                </span></strong></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">冯</span><font size="2"><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">·</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
                                </span></strong></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">泽克特上将和亚力山大</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">冯</span><strong><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font size="2">·</font></span></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">法尔肯豪森上将。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">军事顾问们的功过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">如果说,中日甲午战争让中国人开始意识到现代军事思想的优点,那么,德国军事顾问则奠定了中国现代化军事的基础。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1930</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年代,中国开始出现头带德制头盔,身着德式军服,配备德式武器的部队,这就是经由德国军事顾问指导、训练出来的新式中国陆军。到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"> 1937</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月抗战爆发前,国民党军队基本完成以德国体制为楷模的整军计划。其中,中央军的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">个师完全或部分接受过德制装备与训练,而第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">36</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">87</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">88</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">师为德制化师,中央军校教导总队则完全按照德国步兵标准编装。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">在引进现代军事思想方面,德国顾问将西方现代军事观念如纵深布署、内外线态势、机动作战、攻击-防御重点等带入中国军队的训练中,使中国军队首次接触到西方现代军事科学。此外,德国顾问还协助中国政府规划军火工业、兵役制度、军政军令权责的定位与实施、国防工事建构以及全国整体防御体系的建立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">所有这些,对中国军队在抗日战争爆发后能够进行顽强的抵抗,奠定了相当的基础。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1937</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月的“淞沪会战”中,德制装备的三个师成为国民党军队中战斗力最强的部队。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">当然,对于德国军事顾问在中国所起的作用,史家中也有完全不同的评断。据新浪网军事版德国军事中心文彦的一篇文章中所提出的观点,就淞沪会战而言,如果没有战前德国军事顾问的指导与协助,没有新式德制陆军的投入,中国军队可能不能坚持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">个月之久;没有德国在战前协助中国建立军火生产体制、提供贷款、建立新型兵工厂,中国将无法自立生产足够的轻武器与弹药,中国的军力将难以为继,从而无法坚持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年之久,失去“苦撑待变”的机会,从而在太平洋战争爆发后,难以与美英苏并肩作战,获得二战的胜利,并影响战后中国在国际上的地位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">德国弗莱堡大学的马丁教授则认为,德国的军事顾问,不论是在中国红军一方,还是在国民党军队一方,都因其对中国国情或多或少的忽视、自以为是和坚持己见而屡犯错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">马丁教授指出,毛泽东在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1935</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月的遵义会议上对共产国际派遣的德国顾问李德提出的批评,同样适用于国民党一方的德国顾问们。毛泽东当年指责李德,置中央红军的宝贵经验于不顾,压制不同意见,独断专行,采用西方军事教条,强令实行阵地战,导致中央苏区在国民党军队的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">次围剿中被攻破,红军被迫实施史称“长征”的长途战略转移。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">马丁教授认为,国民党方面的德国军事顾问们,例如韦泽尔、泽克特和法尔肯豪森等,罔顾中国国情,罔顾中国军人思想深处的儒家传统思想,并在与中方的交往中表现出太多的普鲁士风格,树敌过多,从而影响了顾问团的效率。历史学家马丁教授得出的结论是,就按照普鲁士精神改革中国军队而言,德国顾问团并未成功。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">二战开始后的变迁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">随着第二次世界大战的迫近,希特勒德国大幅调整对亚洲的政策,外交天平倾向日本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1938</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,希特勒德国宣布承认“满洲国”,并停止中国学生赴德留学军事。帝国元帅戈林下令禁止向中国继续销售武器。同年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,在柏林一再发出命令后,法尔肯豪森离开中国。德国驻中国军事顾问团的使命就官方层面而言由此告一终结。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1941</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">日,德国宣布承认南京“汪精卫政权”,中国正式对德宣战;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1941</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年底,美英苏中对德意日轴心国联合宣战,中德成为敌对国家,直至二战结束。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p> </p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">由于历史的原因,二战之后,德中之间的军事交往只限于台湾。中国大陆与德国的军事交流在两国于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">1972</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年建交后才逐步开始恢复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">2002</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718;&#805;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718;&#805;;">月,中国国防部长迟浩田访问德国,标志着中德两军交往史上打开了新的一页。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; BACKGROUND: white;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p>
思维的民族 发表于 2009-2-3 11:28:00 | 显示全部楼层
<p>在那个年代,不要说中国,世界上的很多国家都来德国学军事知识与军事技术。美国历史上都来德国学过</p>
豹II 发表于 2009-2-3 20:18:00 | 显示全部楼层
<p>德国顾问团是反对在淞沪进行作战的</p><p>另外进口的百辆I号坦克,直接丢到长江里去了……</p>

[此贴子已经被作者于2009-2-3 20:27:53编辑过]
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